A=9Be (1988AJ01)

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⁹Be (1988AJ01)

(See Energy Level Diagrams for ⁹Be)

GENERAL: See also (1984AJ01) and Table 9.2 [Table of Energy Levels] (in PDF or PS).

Shell model: (1983VA31, 1984VA06, 1984ZW1A, 1985AN16, 1987KI1C, 1988OR1C, 1988WO04).

Cluster and α-particle models: (1981PL1A, 1982DZ1A, 1983JA09, 1983MI1E, 1983SH38, 1985HA1P, 1985KW02, 1986CR1B, 1987VOZU).

Special states: (1981PL1A, 1983AU1B, 1983GO28, 1983MI08, 1983VA31, 1984BA49, 1984KO40, 1984VA06, 1984WO09, 1984ZW1A, 1985GO1A, 1985HA1J, 1985PO19, 1985SH24, 1986AN07, 1986WI04, 1987KI1C, 1987VOZU, 1988KW02).

Electromagnetic transitions and giant resonances: (1983GM1A, 1983MI08, 1984BA49, 1984MO1D, 1984VA06, 1985GO1A, 1986ER1A, 1986SC1F, 1987HO1L, 1987KI1C).

Astrophysical questions: (1982AU1A, 1982CA1A, 1983SI1B, 1984TR1C, 1985MI1E, 1985WA1K, 1985WE1A, 1986BO1H, 1987AR1C, 1987AU1A, 1987DW1A, 1987MA2C, 1987RO25, 1988RE1B, 1988SA2H).

Complex reactions involving ⁹Be: (1983CH23, 1983EF1A, 1983EN04, 1983GU1A, 1983HA1C, 1983MA53, 1983NA08, 1983OL1A, 1983SO08, 1983ST1A, 1983VA23, 1983WA1F, 1983WI1A, 1984AI1A, 1984GR08, 1984HI1A, 1984IS02, 1984RE14, 1984SI15, 1984XI1B, 1985AG1A, 1985BA1V, 1985BH02, 1985FA02, 1985MA13, 1985MC03, 1985MO08, 1985MO17, 1985MO24, 1985PO11, 1985PO19, 1985RO10, 1985SH1G, 1985TR1B, 1985WA1F, 1985WA22, 1986AV1B, 1986BA2D, 1986BA2H, 1986BA1Q, 1986HA1B, 1986MA19, 1986MA1O, 1986ME06, 1986PO06, 1986RE13, 1986SA30, 1986SH1F, 1986SIZS, 1986SO10, 1986WA1H, 1986WE1C, 1987AK1A, 1987AR19, 1987AU1C, 1987BA38, 1987BO23, 1987DE37, 1987FA09, 1987FE1A, 1987GO17, 1987GR11, 1987HE1H, 1987JA06, 1987KIZY, 1987KO15, 1987KW02, 1987LY04, 1987MU03, 1987MU1D, 1987NA01, 1987PO03, 1987SH23, 1987SI1C, 1987SO13, 1987SO15, 1987ST01, 1987TAZU, 1987TR05, 1987VI14, 1987WA09, 1987YA16, 1987YI1A, 1988BL09, 1988CA06, 1988CH04, 1988GO1F, 1988KA1L, 1988KI05, 1988KR11, 1988POZZ, 1988PO1F, 1988RU01, 1988SA2H, 1988SA19, 1988SH1E, 1988TS03).

Applications: (1983KU1C, 1984CA1D, 1984IM1A, 1987IN1A, 1987KU1L).

Muon and neutrino capture and reactions: (1983GM1A, 1983GU10, 1984RO1B, 1987KU23, 1987SU06).

Reactions involving pions (See also reactions 2 and 17.): (1983BU1D, 1983GE12, 1983GM1A, 1983HA45, 1983SH19, 1983SU08, 1983ZA1B, 1984BO1H, 1984HA1K, 1984LE11, 1985AR15, 1985BA1V, 1985LA20, 1985IM1A, 1985MA1G, 1985MO1F, 1985PN01, 1986CE04, 1986PE05, 1986RO03, 1986YA1D, 1986ZO1A, 1987AN14, 1987GOZN, 1987GO25, 1987GR1G, 1987MA1I, 1987PI1B, 1988BA82, 1988GIZU, 1988KA1N).

Reactions involving kaons and other mesons: (1983BA71, 1983BR1E, 1983FE07, 1983GE13, 1983GE1C, 1983PO1D, 1983ZA1B, 1984BO1H, 1984MO09, 1985MO1F, 1985YA05, 1986AB07, 1986BA1W, 1986CH1P, 1986DO1B, 1986FI1A, 1986GA1H, 1986YA1D, 1986YA02, 1986ZO1A, 1987PI1B, 1987PO1H, 1987YA1I, 1988BA82, 1988MO1B, 1988KH03, 1988WA1B).

Antinucleon reactions: (1987LE32, 1988KA1N).

Hypernuclei: (1982DZ1A, 1982MO1B, 1983AU1A, 1983BA1M, 1983BA1D, 1983BR1E, 1983FE07, 1983KO1C, 1983MA64, 1983MI1E, 1983MO1C, 1983OR1A, 1983PO1D, 1983SH1E, 1983ZH1B, 1984BA1N, 1984BO1A, 1984BO1H, 1984CH1G, 1984CH1H, 1984DA1D, 1984JI05, 1984KO1B, 1984MI1C, 1984MI1E, 1984MO09, 1984MO1H, 1984SC1A, 1984ZH1B, 1985HA1P, 1985IK1A, 1985MO1F, 1985YA05, 1985YU1A, 1986BA1W, 1986BO1E, 1986CH1P, 1986DO1B, 1986ER1A, 1986GA1H, 1986MA1C, 1986MA1W, 1986ME1F, 1986PO1G, 1986SH1V, 1986WA1J, 1986YA1D, 1986YA1F, 1986YA02, 1986YU1A, 1987BA2K, 1987BO1L, 1987BO1O, 1987IK1B, 1987JI1A, 1987PI1C, 1987PO1H, 1987WA36, 1987YA1I, 1987YA1C, 1987YA1M, 1988BA82, 1988CH48, 1988HA44, 1988JI1A, 1988MA1G, 1988MO1B, 1988KH03, 1988TA29, 1988WA1B).

Other topics: (1984CL11, 1984DA11, 1984PO11, 1985AN28, 1985AR1B, 1985EL1A, 1985KA01, 1985SH24, 1986BI01, 1986KU11, 1986IS04, 1986SA02, 1986SC1F, 1987KU1I, 1988KW02, 1988OR1C).

Ground-state properties of ⁹Be: (1983ANZQ, 1983AU1B, 1983KU06, 1983VA31, 1984AN1B, 1984BR25, 1984FR13, 1984MIZM, 1985AN16, 1985AN28, 1985BE59, 1985CL1A, 1985GO1A, 1985HA1P, 1985SA32, 1986CR1B, 1986JI01, 1986GL1A, 1986RO03, 1986SY1A, 1986WI04, 1987HA30, 1987KI1C, 1987LE33, 1987SA15, 1988JO1C, 1988VA03, 1988WO04).

μ = -1.1778 ± 0.0009: see (1978LEZA).
Q = +(53 ± 3) mb: see (1978LEZA).

The interaction nuclear radius of ⁹Be is 2.45 ± 0.01 fm [(1985TA18); E = 790 MeV/A: see also for derived nuclear matter, charge and neutron matter r.m.s. radii].

The decay ⁹Li_Λ → π^- + ⁹Be* → π^- + p + ⁸Li appears to take place via a T = 3/2 state of ⁹Be at E_x = 18.6 ± 0.1 MeV (Γ ≤ 300 keV) (1985PN01).

1. (a) ⁶Li(t, n)⁸Be Q_m = 16.0225 E_b = 17.6879
(b) ⁶Li(t, p)⁸Li Q_m = 0.801
(c) ⁶Li(t, n)⁴He⁴He Q_m = 16.1144

The 0° differential cross section for reaction (a) increases monotonically between E_t = 0.10 and 2.4 MeV. A resonance has been reported at E_t = 1.875 MeV (⁹Be*(18.94)). The excitation function for ⁸Li (reaction (b)) increases monotonically for E_t = 0.275 to 1.000 MeV. See (1974AJ01) for references. In the range E_t = 2 to 10 MeV the total cross section for reaction (b) shows a broad structure [Γ_c.m. = 1.5 MeV] at E_t = 4.2 MeV (⁹Be* = 20.5 MeV) (1986AB04; prelim.). Yields and angular distributions for reaction (c) have been measured at E_t = 2 to 4.5 MeV (1984LIZY; prelim.). See also (1984AJ01) for other channels and (1984KR1B; theor.).

2. ⁶Li(³He, π⁺)⁹Be Q_m = -121.899

The energy dependence of the π⁺ to ⁹Be_g.s. has been measured at E(³He) = 235 to 283 MeV (1984WI06).

3. ⁶Li(α, p)⁹Be Q_m = -2.1261

Angular distributions of p₀ have been measured at E_α = 10.2 to 14.7 MeV and at 30 MeV: see (1974AJ01). See also (1987BI1C) and (1983BE51; theor.).

4. ⁷Li(d, γ)⁹Be Q_m = 16.6951

For E_d = 0.1 to 1.1 MeV, a resonance in the yield of capture γ-rays is observed at E_d = 360.8 ± 0.3 keV (1987ZI01), 360.7 ± 1.8 keV (1986BE33), corresponding to the excitation of ⁹Be*(16.97), the second T = 3/2 state [J^π = 1/2^-]: see Table 9.4 (1987ZI01). The reduced width for the isospin "forbidden" deuteron breakup is 5.4 × 10^-4 relative to the Wigner limit (1987ZI01). See also (1984AJ01).

5. (a) ⁷Li(d, n)⁸Be Q_m = 15.0297 E_b = 16.6951
(b) ⁷Li(d, α)⁵He Q_m = 0.801
(c) ⁷Li(d, n)⁴He⁴He Q_m = 15.1216

The yield of neutrons has been measured for E_d = 0.2 to 23 MeV [see (1979AJ01)] and at E_d = 0.19 to 0.55 MeV (1987DA25). See also (1983SZZY). Polarization measurements have been carried out at E_d = 0.64 MeV and 2.5 to 3.7 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at 0.40 and 0.46 MeV (1984GA07; n₀). Resonances are reported at 0.36, 0.68 and 0.98 MeV: see Table 9.3 (in PDF or PS) in (1974AJ01). See also (1985CA41; astrophys.).

The yields of α-particles have been measured for E_d = 0.25 to 3.0 MeV: see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01). Resonances are reported at E_d = 0.75, 1.00 and 2.5 MeV; the latter is broad: see Table 9.3 (in PDF or PS) in (1979AJ01). See also (1983SZZY), (1986DIZT, 1987LE1F; applied) and (1984KR1B; theor.).

6. ⁷Li(d, p)⁸Li Q_m = -0.192 E_b = 16.6951

Excitation functions and cross sections have been measured for E_d = 0.29 to 7 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)] and 0.60 to 0.95 MeV (1983FI13). See also (1983SZZY, 1986AB04). Resonances are reported at E_d = 0.360(3) [< 0.5], 0.776(7) [250], 1.027(7) [60], 2.0 [broad], 2.375(50), 3.220(50) [400 ± 100] and ≈ 4.8 MeV [Γ_lab in keV] corresponding to ⁹Be*(16.975 [see also Table 9.4 (in PDF or PS)], 17.298, 17.493, (18.5), 18.54, 19.20, 20.4): for references see Table 9.3 (in PDF or PS) in (1979AJ01) and Table 9.3 (in PDF or PS) in (1984AJ01). The total cross section at the E_d = 0.78 MeV resonance is important because it serves as normalization for the ⁷Be (p, γ) ⁸B reaction: the "best" value suggested by (1983FI13) is 157 ± 10 mb. See also (1986BA38) and (1974AJ01, 1984AJ01) for the earlier values. At E(⁷Li) = 12.2 ± 1.3 MeV [corresponding to E_d = 3.5 MeV] the cross section is reported to be 155 ± 20 mb (1985HA40).

7. ⁷Li(d, d)⁷Li E_b = 16.6951

The elastic scattering [E_d = 0.4 to 1.8 MeV] shows a marked increase in cross section for E_d = 0.8 to 1.0 MeV (perhaps related to ⁹Be*(17.30)) and a conspicuous anomaly at E_d = 1.0 MeV, due to p-wave deuterons [⁹Be*(17.50)]. The elastic scattering has also been studied for E_d = 1.0 to 2.6 MeV and 10.0 to 12.0 MeV: see (1979AJ01).

8. ⁷Li(d, t)⁶Li Q_m = -0.993 E_b = 16.6951

The cross section rises steeply from threshold to 95 mb at E_d = 2.4 MeV and then more slowly to ≈ 165 mb at E_d = 4.1 MeV. The t₀ yield curve (θ_lab = 155°) decreases monotonically for E_d = 10.0 to 12.0 MeV: see (1974AJ01).

9. ⁷Li(³He, p)⁹Be Q_m = 11.2016

Observed proton groups are displayed in Table 9.5 (in PDF or PS). The parameters for the particle and γ-decay of observed states are displayed in Tables 9.6 (in PDF or PS) and 9.3 (in PDF or PS). Angular distributions have been reported in the range E(³He) = 0.9 to 14 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01)] and at E(³He) = 14 and 33 MeV (1983LE17, 1983RO22; p₀). See also ¹⁰B, (1984ME11) and (1986SC35; applications).

10. ⁷Li(α, d)⁹Be Q_m = -7.1516

Angular distributions of d₀, d₁ and d₂ have been reported at E_α = 30 MeV: see (1974AJ01). See also (1983BE51; theor.).

11. ⁷Li(⁶Li, α)⁹Be Q_m = 15.220

Angular distributions of the α-groups to ⁹Be*(0, 2.43, 6.76) have been measured at E(⁷Li) = 78 MeV (1986GLZV: prelim.). For the excitation of ⁴He* see (1987GLZX; prelim.; E(⁶Li) = 93 MeV). For the earlier work see (1974AJ01).

12. ⁹Li(β^-)⁹Be Q_m = 13.606

⁹Li decays by β^- emission with τ_1/2 = 178.3 ± 0.4 msec to several ⁹Be states: see reaction 1 in ⁹Li and Table 9.7 (in PDF or PS). Measurements of β-α coincidences involving ⁹Be*(11.28) show contributions from the direct n + 2α breakup process as well as the sequential n-emission to ⁸Be*(3.0)[J^π = 2⁺], followed by breakup into 2α. The branching ratio for the ⁹Be*(2.43) → ⁸Be_g.s. + n decay is (6.4 ± 1.2)%. ⁹Be*(2.78) [J^π = 1/2^-] decays mainly to ⁸Be_g.s. + n, presumably by p-wave neutron emission: see (1979AJ01, 1984AJ01) for references, and (1988MI03) for a discussion of the evidence.

13. (a) ⁹Be(γ, n)⁸Be Q_m = -1.6654
(b) ⁹Be(γ, α)⁵He Q_m = -2.47
(c) ⁹Be(γ, n)⁴He⁴He Q_m = -1.5735

The photoneutron cross section has been measured from threshold to 320 MeV: see Table 9.6 (in PDF or PS) in (1966LA04), (1979AJ01) and (1988DI02). A pronounced peak occurs ≈ 29 keV above threshold with σ_max = 1.33 ± 0.24 mb. The shape of the resonance has been measured very accurately for E_γ = 1675 to 2168 keV. The FWHM of the peak is estimated to be 100 keV (1982FU11). See also (1983BA52; theor.) and (1987KU05). The cross section then decreases slowly to 1.2 mb at 40 keV above threshold. From bremsstrahlung studies, peaks in the (γ, Tn) cross section are observed corresponding to E_x = 1.80 and 3.03 MeV. At higher energies, using monoenergetic photons, the (γ, Tn) cross section is found to be relatively smooth from E_γ = 17 to 37 MeV with weak structures which correspond to E_x = 17.1, 18.8, 19.9, 21.4, 22.4, 23.8 [± 0.2] MeV and 27 ± 0.5 MeV (broad). In the range E_γ = 18 to 26 MeV the integrated (γ, n₀) cross section is < 0.1 MeV · mb, that for (γ, n₁) = 2.4 ± 0.4 MeV · mb and the combined integrated cross section for (γ, n) to ⁸Be*(16.6) and (γ,α₀) to ⁵He_g.s. is 13.1 ± 2 MeV · mb.

The total absorption cross section has been measured for E_γ = 10 to 210 MeV: it rises to ≈ 5 mb at ≈ 21 MeV, decreases to about 0 at 160 MeV and then increases to ≈ 1.5 mb at 210 MeV. An integrated cross section of 156 ± 15 MeV · mb is reported for E_γ = 10 to 29 MeV as is resonant structure at E_γ = 11.8, (13.5), 14.8, (17.3), (19.5), 21.0, (23.0), and (25.0) MeV. Fine structure is also reported at E_γ = 20.47 ± 0.04 and 20.73 ± 0.04 MeV. See (1979AJ01) for references. At E_γ = 1.58 MeV, the cross section for reaction (c) is 0.40 ± 0.18 μb (1983FU13). For the electroproduction and photoproduction of helium nuclei for E_e = 100 to 225 MeV see (1986LI22). For hadron production at high energies see (1983AR24). See also (1987GO1Q), (1982DR08; applications), (1983FR1B, 1984GE1A, 1985AH06, 1985HA1H) and (1983BE45, 1983BO1B, 1983CA22, 1984KO33, 1985GO1A, 1985SH24, 1986JI01, 1987TE1E; theor.).

14. (a) ⁹Be(γ, p)⁸Li Q_m =-16.8869
(b) ⁹Be(γ, np)⁷Li Q_m = -18.9197
(c) ⁹Be(γ, d)⁷Li Q_m = -16.6951
(d) ⁹Be(γ, t)⁶Li Q_m = -17.6879

The yield shows structure in the energy region corresponding to the ⁹Be levels at 17 - 19 MeV followed by the giant resonance at E_γ ≈ 23 MeV (σ = 2.64 ± 0.30 mb). Structure attributed to eleven states of ⁹Be with 18.2 < E_x < 32.2 MeV has also been reported. Integrated cross sections have been obtained for each of these resonances, and over different energy intervals for protons leading to ⁸Li*(0 + 0.98, 2.26 + 3.21, 9.0, 17.0). Angular and energy distributions of photoprotons in various energy intervals have been studied by many groups: see (1974AJ01) for references. For momentum spectra of protons using tagged photons with E_γ = 360 → 600 MeV, see (1984BA09). See also (1984AJ01) and (1984HO24).

The integrated cross sections are reported to be 1.0 ± 0.5 MeV · mb (E_γ = 21 → 33 MeV) for reaction (c) to ⁷Li*(0 + 0.4) and 0.6 ± 0.3 MeV → mb (E_γ = 25 → 33 MeV) for reaction (d) to ⁶Li(0). The total integrated cross section for [(γ, p) + (γ, pn) + (γ, d) + (γ, t)] is 33 ± 3 MeV · mb. Resonances in the (γ, d) and (γ, t) cross sections corresponding to ⁹Be*(26.0 ± 0.2) and ⁹Be*(32.2 ± 0.3), respectively, have been reported: see (1974AJ01). For momentum spectra of deuterons and tritons at E_γ = 360 → 600 MeV see (1986BA07). Cross sections have been measured in the region of the Δ(1232) resonance by (1984HO09) [(γ, pn), (γ, 2p)], (1987KA13) [(γ, p), (γ, pn), (γ, 2p)] and (1986AR06) [(γ, π⁰)]. For a high energy study of hadron production see (1983AR24). See also (1986MC1G), (1985HO27, 1985MA1G) and (1983TR04, 1986HO11, 1987LU1B; theor.).

15. ⁹Be(γ, γ)⁹Be

The second T = 3/2 state of ⁹Be at E_x = 16.98 MeV has been studied in this reaction: see Table 9.4 (in PDF or PS) and reaction 4 (1987ZI01). See also (1986ZI01). With E_bs = 31 MeV eight resonances in (γ, γ') are reported for 17.4 < E_x < 29.4 MeV (1984AL22).

16. (a) ⁹Be(e, e)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(e, en)⁸Be Q_m = -1.6654
(c) ⁹Be(e, ep)⁸Li Q_m = -16.8869
(d) ⁹Be(e, eα)⁵Li Q_m = -2.47

< r ² >^1/2 = 2.519 ± 0.012 fm, Q = 6.5_-0.6^+0.9 fm²,
b = 1.5_-0.2^+0.3 fm [b = oscillator parameter]
< r ² >^1/2_M = 3.2 ± 0.3 fm; Ω = 6 ± 2 μ_N · fm² [this value of the magnetic
octupole moment implies a deformation of the average nuclear potential].

The elastic scattering of electrons has been studied for E_e up to 700 MeV. Magnetic elastic scattering gives indications of both M1 and M3 contributions. Inelastic scattering populates a number of levels: see Table 9.8 (in PDF or PS). At E_e = 45 and 49 MeV ⁹Be*(1.68) has a strongly asymmetric line shape, as expected from its closeness to the ⁸Be + n threshold. The form factor is dominated by a 0p_3/2 → 1s_1/2 particle-hole transition. ⁹Be*(2.43) is strongly excited (1987KU05). Form factors have also been measured for ⁹Be*(0, 14.39, 16.67, 16.98, 17.49) by (1983LO11; E_e = 100.0 to 270.2 MeV). See also (1986MA48, 1987HY01, 1985HY1A). (1984WO09) suggest that the T = 1/2 states [⁹Be*(16.67, 17.49)] have J^π = 5/2⁺ and 7/2⁺, respectively, and that they have large parentage amplitudes with ⁸Be*(16.6 + 16.9) [J^π = 2⁺], rather than with ⁸Be_g.s.. See (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01) for other work and earlier references.

Peaks are observed for the quasifree reaction and for the Δ-resonance at 72 ± 3 and 315 ± 20 MeV at E_e = 537 MeV, and at 115 ± 5 and 375 ± 10 MeV at E_e = 730 MeV. The FWHM widths for the quasifree reaction peaks are 80 ± 5 and 115 ± 5 MeV at E_e = 537 and 730 MeV (1984OC01, 1987OC01). For the deep inelastic cross sections at very high energies see (1984AR02). A parity-violation study using polarized 300 MeV electrons is reported by (1987OT1C; prelim.). See also (1984LI07, 1985LI15, 1986AC1A, 1986BA85, 1986LI1G), (1984DO20, 1985BE1K, 1985KI1A, 1987DE43, 1987FR1B, 1987HO1D, 1987HO1F) and (1983AL04, 1984CH20, 1984LI1E, 1986AZ01, 1986BE1L; theor.).

17. ⁹Be(π^±, π^±)⁹Be

The elastic scattering, and inelastic scattering to ⁹Be*(2.43, 6.76) have been studied at E_π^± = 162 and 291 MeV. Quadrupole contributions appear to be quite important for the elastic scattering at 162 MeV, but are much less so at the higher energy: see (1984AJ01) and the "General" section here.

18. (a) ⁹Be(n, n)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(n, 2n)⁸Be Q_m = -1.6654

The population of ⁹Be*(0, 1.7, 2.4, 3.1, (6.8)) has been reported in this reaction: see (1974AJ01). For the neutron decay of these states see Table 9.6 (in PDF or PS). Angular distributions have been measured at E_n = 3.5 to 14.93 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)], at E_n = 7 to 15 MeV (1983DA22; n₀), 11 to 17 MeV (1985TE01; n₀, n₂), 14.6 MeV (1985HA02, 1986HAYU; n₀) and 14.7 MeV (1984SH01; n₀, n₂) as well as at E_n = 9 to 17 MeV (1984BY03; n₀, n₂; see also for transition to ⁹Be*(6.76)). See also ¹⁰Be, (1986MU07), (1986RO1H) and (1985BE59, 1985DI1B, 1985GU1D, 1987HAZS; theor.).

19. ⁹Be(p, p)⁹Be

Elastic and inelastic angular distributions have been studied at many energies in the range E_p = 2.3 to 1000 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)], at E_p = 2.31 to 2.73 MeV (1983AL10; p₀), 11 to 17 MeV (1986MU07; p₀) and 1 GeV (1985AL16; p₀) as well as at E_{pol. p} = 200 MeV (1985GLZZ; p₀; prelim.) and 220 MeV (1985RO15; p₀, p₂). The elastic distributions show pronounced diffraction maxima. A quadrupole-deformed optical-model potential is necessary to obtain a good fit to the p₀ and p₂ angular distributions: see (1974AJ01). The spin-flip probability at E_pol.
p = 31 MeV is ≈ 0 for the p₂ group, which is expected in view of the collective nature of the transition (1981CO08).

The structure corresponding to ⁹Be*(1.7) is asymmetric, as expected: see reaction 16 and Table 9.8 (in PDF or PS) for its parameters. [At E_p = 13 MeV the spectra are dominated by ⁹Be*(2.43) (1987KU05)]. The weighted mean of the values of E_x for ⁹Be*(2.4) listed in (1974AJ01) is 2432 ± 3 keV. ⁹Be*(3.1) has E_x = 3.03 ± 0.03 MeV, Γ = 250 ± 50 keV, J^π = 3.2⁺, 5/2⁺. Higher states are observed at E_x = 4.8 ± 0.2, 6.76 ± 0.06 [J^π = 1/2⁺, 5/2⁺, 7/2⁺ (but see below), Γ = 1.2 ± 0.2 MeV], 7.94 ± 0.08 (Γ ≈ 1 MeV), 11.3 ± 0.2 MeV (Γ ≈ 1 MeV), 14.4 ± 0.3 (Γ ≈ 1 MeV), 16.7 ± 0.3, 17.4 ± 0.3, 19.0 ± 0.4, 21.1 ± 0.5 and 22.4 ± 0.7 MeV [the five highest states are all broad]. For ⁹Be*(2.4, 6.8) B(E2↑) = 49 ± 6 and 24 ± 4 fm⁴ and Γ(E2↓) = 0.0025 and 0.10 eV, respectively. The strong population of ⁹Be*(2.4, 6.8) is consistent with the assumption that they have J^π = 5/2^- and 7/2^-, respectively, and are members of the ground state K = 3/2^- band. See (1966LA04, 1974AJ01) for references. For K⁺ production see (1986AB07). See also ¹⁰B, (1982BE1E), (1986MU07, 1986RO1H) and (1984SH1K, 1985GU1D, 1986BE1L, 1986NA15, 1987CU01, 1987HA01; theor.).

20. (a) ⁹Be(p, 2p)⁸Li Q_m = -16.8869
(b) ⁹Be(p, pd)⁷Li Q_m = -16.6951
(c) ⁹Be(p, pn)⁸Be Q_m = -1.6654
(d) ⁹Be(p, pt)⁶Li Q_m = -17.6879
(e) ⁹Be(p, p³He)⁶He Q_m = -21.176
(f) ⁹Be(p, pα)⁵He Q_m = -2.47

The reactions (p, 2p)X and (p, pd)X have been studied at E_p = 300 MeV (1983GR21, 1984HE03). For reactions (a) and (c) see also ⁸Li, ⁸Be (1985BE30, 1985DO16; 1 GeV) and (1984AJ01). Reaction (c) at E_p = 10 - 24 MeV involves ⁹Be*(3.0, 4.7): see (1984AJ01). See also (1984WA21). For reactions (b) and (d) at E_p = 58 MeV see ⁷Li, ⁶Li and (1985DE17, 1984DE1F). For reactions (e) and (f) see (1985PAZL; E_{pol. p} = 70 MeV). The (p, pα) process (reaction (f)) has been studied at E_p = 150.5 MeV (1985WA13; see for S_α). For inclusive proton spectra yields see (1985SE15). See also (1983AN18, 1987BO1N), (1986CH1J) and (1983KA1A, 1984KO1E, 1985BO1A, 1985GA1A, 1985VD03, 1986ER1A, 1986OS08, 1987HA01; theor.).

21. ⁹Be(d, d)⁹Be

Angular distributions have been measured in the range 1.0 to 410 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)] and at E_d = 2.0 to 2.8 MeV (1983DE50, 1984AN16). See also ¹¹B in (1990AJ01).

Inelastic groups have been reported to ⁹Be*(1.7, 4.7, 6.8) and to states with E_x = 2431.9 ± 7.0 keV and 3040 ± 15 keV (Γ = 294 ± 20 keV): see (1974AJ01).

22. (a) ⁹Be(t, t)⁸Be
(b) ⁹Be(t, nt)⁸Be Q_m = -1.6654

Angular distributions of elastically scattered tritons have been measured at E_t = 2.10 MeV and at E_{pol. t} = 15 and 17 MeV: see (1974AJ01, 1984AJ01). Reaction (b) at 4.2 and 4.6 MeV proceeds via ⁹Be*(2.4): see (1974AJ01).

23. (a) ⁹Be(³He, ³He)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(³He, 2α)⁴He Q_m = 19.0043

Angular distributions have been studied for E(³He) = 1.6 to 46.1 MeV and at 217 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)]. At E(³He) = 39.8 MeV, ⁹Be*(1.7, 2.4, 3.1, 4.7, 6.8, 14.4) are populated.

Reaction (b) has been studied in a kinematically complete experiment for E(³He) = 3 to 12 MeV (1986LA26) and 11.9 to 24.0 MeV (1987WA25). For the earlier work see (1984AJ01). See also (1987TR01; theor.).

24. (a) ⁹Be(α, α)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(α, 2α)⁵He Q_m = -2.47

Angular distributions have been studied at many energies in the range E_α = 5.0 to 104 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1984AJ01)] and E_α = 23.1 MeV (1984HU1D, 1985HU1B; α₀, α₂). At E_α = 35.5 MeV, states belonging to the K = 3/2^- ground-state band are strongly excited [⁹Be*(0, 2.43, 6.76, 11.28); it is suggested that the latter has J^π = (9/2^-); see, however, reaction 12]. The first three states belonging to the K = 1/2⁺ band are also excited [⁹Be*(1.68, 3.05, 4.70)] (1982PE03; coupled channels analysis). For reaction (b) see (1983ZH09; 18 MeV); S_α = 0.96 [see (1984AJ01)] and (1987WA25; E(³He) = 12 to 24 MeV). See also ⁸Be, (1987BU27, 1987KO1K) and (1984LI28, 1985SR01; theor.).

25. (a) ⁹Be(⁶Li, ⁶Li)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(⁷Li, ⁷Li)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been measured at E(⁶Li) = 4, 6 and 24 MeV and at E(⁷Li) = 24 and 34 MeV [see (1979AJ01)] as well as at E(⁶Li) = 32 MeV (1985CO09; also to ⁹Be*(2.43)) and 50 MeV (1988TRZY; prelim.) and E(⁷Li) = 78 MeV (1986GLZV, 1986GLZU; also to ⁹Be*(2.43, 6.76). For the interaction cross section at E(Li) = 790 MeV/A see (1985TA18).

26. ⁹Be(⁹Be, ⁹Be)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been obtained at E(⁹Be) = 5 to 26 MeV [see (1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)] and at 35 to 50 MeV (1984OM02; also to ⁹Be*(2.43)). See also (1985JA09). For yields and cross sections see (1984OM03, 1986CU02). For the interaction cross section at E(⁹Be) = 790 MeV/A see (1985TA18).

27. (a) ⁹Be(¹⁰B, ¹⁰B)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(¹¹B, ¹¹B)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been reported at E(¹⁰B) = 20.1 and 30.0 MeV (1983SR01). For yields and cross section measurements see (1983SR01, 1984DA17, 1986CU02). See also (1983DU13) and (1984IN03, 1986RO12; theor.).

28. (a) ⁹Be(¹²C, ¹²C)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(¹³C, ¹³C)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been measured for reaction (a) at E(¹²C) = 12, 15, 18 and 21 MeV and E(⁹Be) = 14 to 76.6 MeV [see (1979AJ01, 1984AJ01)] and 158.3 MeV (1984FU10) as well as at E(¹²C) = 65 MeV (1985GO1H; prelim.; various ¹²C states). For yield and fusion cross-section measurements see (1983JA09, 1985DE22) and (1984AJ01). Elastic angular distributions for reaction (b) are reported at E(⁹Be) = 14 to 26 MeV: see (1984AJ01). For yield measurements see (1984DA17, 1986CU02). See also (1983DU13, 1984FR1A, 1984HA53, 1985BE1A, 1985CU1A) and (1982GU21, 1983KA17, 1983OH04, 1983SA20, 1984HA43, 1986BA69, 1986HA13, 1986KA22, 1986MI24; theor.).

29. ⁹Be(¹⁴N, ¹⁴N)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been measured at E(¹⁴N) = 25 and 27.3 MeV: see (1974AJ01). For a fusion study see (1984MA28).

30. (a) ⁹Be(¹⁶O, ¹⁶O)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(¹⁸O, ¹⁸O)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been reported in the range E(¹⁶O) = 15 to 30 MeV [see (1979AJ01)], at E(⁹Be) = 14, 20 and 26 MeV [see (1984AJ01)], 43 MeV (1985WI18) and 157.7 MeV (1984FU10), as well as at E(¹⁸O) = 12.1, 16 and 20 MeV [see (1974AJ01)]. See also (1983BI13, 1983DA10, 1985BE1A, 1985CU1A) and (1982GU21, 1983GR18, 1983SA20, 1984HA43, 1988PO1D; theor.).

31. (a) ⁹Be(²⁰Ne, ²⁰Ne)⁹Be
(b) ⁹Be(²⁴Mg, ²⁴Mg)⁹Be
(c) ⁹Be(²⁶Mg, ²⁶Mg)⁹Be
(d) ⁹Be(²⁷Al, ²⁷Al)⁹Be
(e) ⁹Be(²⁸Si, ²⁸Si)⁹Be
(f) ⁹Be(³⁹K, ³⁹K)⁹Be
(g) ⁹Be(⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁰Ca)⁹Be
(h) ⁹Be(⁴⁴Ca, ⁴⁴Ca)⁹Be

Elastic angular distributions have been measured for many of these reactions: see (1979AJ01, 1984AJ01). Recently they have been studied on ²⁶Mg and ⁴⁰Ca at E(⁹Be) = 43 and 45 MeV, respectively (1985WI18) and on ²⁶Mg, ²⁷Al and ⁴⁰Ca at E(⁹Be) = 158.1 - 158.3 MeV (1984FU10). For pion production in reaction (a) see (1985FR13). The interaction cross section for 790 MeV/A ⁹Be on ²⁷Al has been measured by (1985TA18). Breakup measurements involving ⁴⁰Ca are reported by (1984GR20). See also (1983BI13, 1984FR1A, 1984HA53) and (1984GU09, 1985AN16, 1985BL18; theor.).

32. ¹⁰Be(d, t)⁹Be Q_m = -0.5547

Forward angular distributions have been obtained at E_d = 15.0 MeV for the tritons to ⁹Be*(0, 1.7, 2.4, 3.1). The ground-state transition is well fitted by l = 1. The transition to ⁹Be*(1.7) [≈ 165 ± 25 keV] is consistent with J^π = 1/2⁺, that to ⁹Be*(2.4) is quite well fitted with l = 3 [J^π = 5/2^-], and that to ⁹Be*(3.1) [Γ = 280 ± 25 keV] is consistent with l = 2. No other narrow states are seen up to E_x = 5.5 MeV: see (1974AJ01).

33. ¹⁰B(n, d)⁹Be Q_m = -4.3612

See (1974AJ01) and ¹¹B in (1980AJ01).

34. ¹⁰B(p, 2p)⁹Be Q_m = -6.5857

See (1974AJ01) and (1985BE30, 1985DO16).

35. ¹⁰B(d, ³He)⁹Be Q_m = -1.0922

Angular distributions of the ³He groups corresponding to ⁹Be*(0, 2.4) have been studied at E_d = 11.8, 28 and 52 MeV [the latter also to ⁹Be*(6.7)], and at E_d = 15 MeV: S = 0.72 and 0.82 for ⁹Be*(0, 2.4). At E_d = 52 MeV ⁹Be*(11.3) appears to be strongly populated: see (1979AJ01).

36. ¹⁰B(t, α)⁹Be Q_m = 13.2283

At E_t = 12.9 MeV α-groups are observed to the ground state of ⁹Be and to excited states at E_x = 1.75 ± 0.03, 2.43, 3.02 ± 0.04 (Γ = 320 ± 60 keV), 11.27 ± 0.04 (Γ = 530 ± 70 keV), (14.4) [Γ ≈ 800 keV], 14.39 and 16.67 MeV. The T = 3/2 state ⁹Be*(14.39) is very weakly populated [≈ 5% of intensity of α₂]. The angular distribution of the α₂ group shows sharp forward and backward peaking. The α₀ group is not peaked in the backward direction: see (1979AJ01). See also (1984AJ01) and (1982CI1A; theor.).

37. ¹¹B(p, ³He)⁹Be Q_m = -10.3218

At E_p = 45 MeV angular distributions are reported for the ³He ions corresponding to ⁹Be*(0, 2.4, 11.8, 13.8, 14.39 [T = 3/2], 15.96 ± 0.04 [T = 1/2]). In addition one or more states may be located at ⁹Be*(15.13). It is suggested that ⁹Be*(11.8, 13.8, 15.96) are the J^π = 3/2^-, T = 1/2 analogs to ⁹Be*(12.06, 14.01, 16.02). Angular distributions are also reported at E_p = 40 MeV. The intensity of the group to ⁹Be*(3.1) is ≈ 1% of the ground-state group at that energy: see (1974AJ01). The excitation energy of the first T = 3/2 state is E_x = 14392.2 ± 1.8 keV (1974KA15), using Q_m.

38. (a) ¹¹B(d, α)⁹Be Q_m = 8.0314
(b) ¹¹B(d, nα)⁴He⁴He Q_m = 6.4579

Alpha groups are reported corresponding to ⁹Be*(0, 1.7, 2.4, 3.1). The width of ⁹Be*(1.7) [E_x = 1.70 ± 0.01 MeV] is Γ_c.m. = 220 ± 20 keV. The weighted mean of the values of E_x of ⁹Be*(2.4), reported in (1974AJ01), is 2425 ± 3 keV. The 5/2⁺ state is at E_x = 3.035 ± 0.025 MeV: Γ_c.m. = 257 ± 25 keV. The ratio Γ_γ/Γ of ⁹Be*(1.7) ≤ 2.4 × 10^-5, that for ⁹Be*(2.4) is reported to be (1.16 ± 0.14) × 10^-4. Since Γ_γ is known from (e, e') [see Table 9.8 (in PDF or PS): 0.089 ± 0.010 eV], Γ = 0.77 ± 0.15 keV. See (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01) for references.

Angular distributions for α₀ and α₂ are reported at E_d = 0.39 to 3.9 MeV and at 12 MeV [see (1974AJ01, 1979AJ01)]. Reaction (b), at E_d = 10.4 and 12.0 MeV, proceeds via ⁹Be*(2.4) and to some extent via ⁹Be*(3.1, 4.7) and possibly some higher excited states. The dominant decay of ⁹Be*(2.4) is to ⁵He(0) + α while ⁹Be*(3.1, 4.7) decay to ⁸Be(0) + n. It should be noted, however, that the peaks corresponding to ⁹Be*(3.0) have a FWHM of ≈ 1 MeV, which may imply that ⁹Be*(2.8) is involved.

39. ¹²C(g, pd)⁹Be Q_m = -31.7726

See (1986BU22, 1987BU1A, 1987VO08).

40. (a) ¹²C(n, a)⁹Be Q_m = -5.7012
(b) ¹²C(n, nα)⁴He⁴He Q_m = -7.2747

Angular distributions of the α₀ group have been measured at E_n = 13.9 to 18.8 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at 14.1 MeV (1984HA48). ⁹Be*(1.7, 2.4, 3.1, 6.8) are also populated. Reaction (b) at E_n = 13 to 18 MeV involves ⁹Be*(2.4). See (1984HA48) for differential cross sections at 14.1 MeV and for partial and total cross sections.

41. ¹²C(p, p³He)⁹Be Q_m = -26.2790

See (1985DE17; E_p = 58 MeV).

42. ¹²C(α, ⁷Be)⁹Be Q_m = -24.692

See ⁷Be.

43. (a) ¹²C(⁷Li, ¹⁰B)⁹Be Q_m = -8.492
(b) ¹²C(¹³C, ¹⁶O)⁹Be Q_m = -3.4856
(c) ¹²C(¹⁴N, ¹⁷F)⁹Be Q_m = -10.4360

For reaction (a) see ¹⁰B. For reaction (b) see (1988KR11) and (1985OS06; theor.). For reaction (c) see (1986GO1B; E(¹⁴N) = 150 MeV).

44. ¹³C(³He, ⁷Be)⁹Be Q_m = -9.060

Angular distributions have been obtained at E(³He) = 70 MeV for the transitions to ⁹Be*(0, 2.4) and ⁷Be*(0, 0.43). Broad states at 2.9, 4.8 ± 0.2, 7.3 ± 0.2 and 11.9 ± 0.4 MeV are also populated: see (1979AJ01).

45. ¹³C(α, ⁸Be)⁹Be Q_m = -10.7395

See ⁸Be here and ⁹Be in (1979AJ01).

46. ¹⁴N(⁷Li, ¹²C)⁹Be Q_m = 6.423

See (1986GO1B; E(¹⁴N) = 150 MeV).

47. ¹⁶O(α, ¹¹C)⁹Be Q_m = -24.310

See (1987KW01, 1987KW03; theor.).

48. ¹⁶O(¹³C, ²⁰Ne)⁹Be Q_m = -5.912

See ²⁰Ne in (1987AJ02). See also (1985KA1J).