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GENERAL: See also (1974AJ01) and Table 5.3 [Table of Energy Levels] (in PDF or PS) here.

Model calculations: (1975KR1A).

Special states: (1974GO13, 1974IR04, 1976IR1B).

Astrophysical questions: (1974RA1C, 1978ME1C).

Special reactions: (1975BR1A, 1976VA29, 1978ME1C).

Reactions involving pions: (1973AR1B, 1974AM01).

Applied topics: (1975HU1A).

Other topics: (1974GO13, 1974IR04, 1976IR1B, 1978GO1D).

Ground state of ⁵Li: (1975BE31).

1. 3He(d, γ)5Li

Qm = 16.39

Excitation curves and angular distributions have been measured for E_d = 0.2 to 5 MeV and E(³He) = 2 to 26 MeV: see (1974AJ01).

A broad maximum in the cross section is observed at E_d = 0.45 ± 0.04 MeV [⁵Li*(16.66)]: σ = 50 ± 10 μb, Γ_γ = 11 ± 2 eV (1954BU06: γ₀ + γ₁); σ_γ0 = 21 ± 4 μb, Γ_γ0 = 5 ± 1 eV (1968BU09). The radiation at resonance is isotropic, consistent with s-wave capture: see (1954BU06, 1968BU09, 1968KR03). Study of γ₀ and γ₁ yield Γ = 2.6 ± 0.4 MeV for the ground state width, and E_x = 7.5 ± 1.0 MeV, Γ = 6.6 ± 1.2 MeV for the 1/2^- state. The ratio of γ₀ to γ₁ is 1.00 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.4 at E_d = 480 and 1025 keV (1968BU09).

An excess in the cross section at higher bombarding energies is interpreted by (1972KI01) as being due to a state at E_x ≈ 18 MeV: even parity is deduced from the relative intensity of γ₀ and γ₁. It is presumed to be the 1/2⁺ state reported in reactions 3 and 7. A broad peak is also observed at E_x ≈ 20.7 MeV in the γ₀ cross section. The cross section for γ₁ is ≈ 0. The observations are consistent with J^π = 5/2⁺: angular distributions appear to require at least one other state with significant strength near 19 MeV (1972KI01). (1970SC18) also report this state but find E_x = 19.7 ± 0.2 MeV [Γ = 5.0 MeV]: (2J + 1)Γ_γ0 = 1.32 keV (± 50%), suggesting E1 (if only one state is involved).

2. 3He(d, n)4Li

Eb = 16.39

This reaction has not been observed: see (1966LA04) and (1974POZN; abstract). See also (1978MC1C).

3. (a) 3He(d, p)4He	Qm = 18.3532	Eb = 16.39
(b) 3He(d, np)3He	Qm = -2.2246
(c) 3He(d, 2p)3H	Qm = -1.4608
(d) 3He(d, 2d)1H	Qm = -5.4936

Below 100 keV the cross section follows the simple Gamow form: σ = (18.2 × 10³/E)exp(-91E^-1/2) b (E in keV) (1953JA1A, 1954AR02). The zero-energy cross section factor S₀ = 6700 keV · b (1964PA1A). A pronounced resonance occurs at E_d = 430 keV, Γ ≈ 450 keV. The peak cross section is given as 695 ± 14 mb (1952BO68, 1955KU03): see Table 5.2 (in PDF or PS). Excitation functions for ground state protons have also been reported for E(³He) = 0.39 to 1.46 MeV and 18.7 to 44.1 MeV and for E_d = 2.8 to 17.8 MeV: see (1974AJ01). Angular distributions have been measured for E_d = 0.25 to 27 MeV and E(³He) = 18.7 to 44.1 MeV [see Table 5.6 (in PDF or PS) in (1974AJ01)]. At E_d = 10.02 MeV differential cross sections have been measured at four angles to better than 3% (1974JA15). Polarization measurements have been carried out at many energies: see Table 5.6 (in PDF or PS) in (1974AJ01) and Table 5.4 (in PDF or PS) here.

Below E_d = 1.1 MeV, the polarization analyzing power of the reaction is minimally affected by p-wave contributions (less than a few percent). However, at E_d = 500 keV, the analyzing power is reduced by (12 ± 5)% by intervention of the s-wave J^π = 1/2⁺ channel (1966BR02, 1967MC01, 1971LE27). Contour maps, T_ab versus θ, E_d, for the vector and tensor analyzing powers are presented for E_d = 0 to 12 MeV by (1971GR47). Energy dependence of the angular distributions indicate resonance-like bevavior at E_x = 16.6, 17.5, 20.0, 20.9 and 22.4 MeV in ⁵Li (1971GR47). At E_d ≈ 6 MeV (1971KL02) find the angular distribution more complex than could be accounted for by a single ²D_3/2 or ²D_5/2 level at E_x ≈ 20 MeV [see ³He(d, d)]. For E_d(c.m.) = 7 to 18 MeV, differential cross sections fall monotonically with no indication of states of ⁵Li with 23.4 < E_x < 34, with Γ > 0.8 MeV and with appreciable widths for decay into ³He + d (1971KL02).

Reactions (b), (c) and (d) have been studied at E_d = 22.3 and 35 MeV and at E(³He) = 30, 33.5 and 52.5 MeV by (1977SL04) and analyzed with a PWIA: Fourier transforms of the wave functions were obtained. At E(³He) = 35.9 MeV, the spectra in reactions (b) and (c) are dominated by the nucleon-nucleon FSI: the results were fitted with a fully antisymmetrized PWBA and with DWBA (1974WA06, 1975WA31). At E_d-bar = 15 MeV (1976ME13) have measured the vector and the two tensor analyzing powers for reactions (b) and (c). (1974SC04, 1976SC26) have studied the excitation function for reaction (c) for E_d = 2.2 to 6 MeV in a kinematically complete experiment. They have extracted the p + t FSI going via ⁴He*(20.1) [J^π = 0⁺] and suggest that the reaction goes primarily via a J^π = 3/2^-, T = 1/2 state of ⁵Li located 0.8 ± 0.2 MeV above threshold [i.e., E_x = 18.9 ± 0.2 MeV]. This suggests that the attraction of a p_3/2 nucleon to ⁴He*(0⁺) is stronger than is the attraction of such a nucleon to ⁴He_g.s. (1976SC26). See also (1975RU04) for reaction (c). See (1974AJ01) for the earlier work.

See also (1974TA1A, 1975GL08, 1976GO1B), (1974LA1C, 1974PR1B, 1975HE1C, 1975HU1A; applied topics), (1975SE07, 1975SE1D, 1975SE1E, 1976SE03, 1976SE1B, 1976SE1C, 1977SE09, 1977SE1C, 1978FI1E, 1978SL1B; reviews) and (1974AL01, 1974CH02, 1974DO10, 1974KE1B, 1975DO1B, 1975NE11, 1975YA12, 1977CH1D, 1977CO1B, 1978KO13, 1978SE01; theor.).

4. 3He(d, d)3He

Eb = 16.39

In the range E_d = 380 to 570 keV, the scattering cross section is consistent with s-wave formation of the J^π = 3/2⁺ state at 16.66 MeV (1954BR05). The excitation curves for E_d = 1.96 to 10.99 MeV show a broad resonance (Γ > 1 MeV) corresponding to E_x = 20.0 ± 0.5 MeV. From the behavior of the angular distributions an assignment of ²D_3/2 or (²D, ⁴D)_5/2 is favored, if only one state is involved (1967TO02). [There is some evidence that there is more than one D-wave state in this E_x region: see reaction 3]. See also (1976AL22: E_d = 1.01 to 2.95 MeV). In the range E_d(c.m.) = 7 to 18 MeV differential cross sections show only a monotonic variation with energy. There is no evidence for any other resonances from E_x = 23 to 34 MeV (1972BA30, 1972KI02). Angular distributions have been measured at a number of energies from E(³He) = 18.7 to 44.1 MeV (1972KI02) and at E(³He) = 10.00 MeV (1974JA15; dσ/dΩ to ± 1%) and E_d = 39 MeV (1975RU04).

Polarization measurements have been reported for E_d = 4.0 to 12 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and polarization analyzing powers have been studied at E_d-bar = 2.0 to 11.5 MeV (1975JE1A; abstract), E_d-bar = 3.73 to 11.89 MeV (1974OH05; pol. ³He; also spin correlation parameters), E_d = 5.35 to 9.2 MeV (1974LO06; polarization transfer coefficients), E_d-bar = 15 to 40 MeV (1976RO1C, 1976ROZM; vector analyzing powers) and E(pol. ³He) = 33 MeV (1977KA10).

See also (1975TO1A) and (1973HA1F, 1974CH02, 1974CH1E, 1974LY03, 1975DO1B, 1975HA1E, 1975KA1D, 1975NE11, 1975TA1A, 1976DO1B, 1976LY1A, 1977KA1H, 1977SA1C; theor.).

5. (a) 3He(t, n)5Li	Qm = 10.13
(b) 3He(t, np)4He	Qm = 12.0959

Angular distributions have been measured at E(³He) = 2.0 to 5.5 MeV for n₀ (Γ_g.s. = 2.03 ± 0.15 MeV) and at 3.5 to 5.5 MeV (partial distributions) for n₁ to an excited state at E_x = 10.21 ± 0.28 MeV, Γ = 1.49 ± 0.61 MeV (1975AB11). At E(³He) = 14 to 26 MeV, the spectra show the n₀ group and a broad resonance with E_x = 20.5 ± 0.8 MeV (1974CH15). Reaction (b) has been studied at E(³He) = 0.31 to 2.80 to attempt to detect a possible resonant energy dependence of the spin-singlet (T = 1) n-p FSI: a marked effect is not present (1975SC28). See also (1977DEYM) and ⁶Li.

6. (a) 3He(3He, p)5Li	Qm = 10.89
(b) 3He(3He, 2p)4He	Qm = 12.8596
(c) 3He(3He, 3p)3H	Qm = -6.9544

The spectrum of protons shows a pronounced peak at E(³He) = 3 to 18 MeV corresponding to ⁵Li_g.s. superposed on a continuum: see (1974AJ01). At E(³He) = 13.6 MeV differential cross sections and polarizations have been measured for the p₀ group (1976IR02). A deuteron cluster transfer process may be involved (1976AS05). At E(³He) = 43.7 and 53.0 MeV, the spectra show a prominent peak at the high energy end whose angular distributions exhibit a pronounced diffraction pattern (1967SL01, 1968MO10). Searches for three-proton enhancement (reaction (c)) have been unsuccessful: see (1974AJ01). See also (1976HE07; theor.).

7. 4He(p, p)4He

Eb = -1.97

Differential cross sections and polarizations have been measured at many energies: see Tables 5.5 (in PDF or PS) in (1966LA04), 5.7 (in PDF or PS) in (1974AJ01) and 5.5 (in PDF or PS) here.

Phase shifts below E_p = 18 MeV have been determined by (1977DO01) based on all the available cross section and polarization measurements, using an R-matrix analysis program. The P_3/2 phase shift shows a pronounced resonance corresponding to ⁵Li_g.s. while the P_1/2 shift changes slowly over a range of several MeV, suggesting that the first excited state is very broad and located 5 - 10 MeV above the ground state. (1977DO01) find that the reduced widths of the P-wave resonance states are nearly the same. See also (1974KR07: E_x = 2.3 ± 0.5 MeV, Γ = 9.0 ± 1.5 MeV for the P_1/2 state). The D_5/2, D_3/2, F_7/2 and F_5/2 phase shift become greater than 1° at E_p ≈ 11, 13, 14 and 16 MeV, respectively (1977DO01). A contour plot of A_y is shown in (1973AR1N): the results are not significantly different from those of (1977DO01). The work of (1977DO01) relies heavily on the very accurate elastic scattering cross sections which they measured (better than 1%) and on the polarization measurements of (1977HA06) [absolute precision of ± 0.01]. It should be noted that A_y = 0.984 ± 0.005 at E_{pol. p} = 11.93 MeV, θ_c.m. = 128.28° (1977HA06). For other phase-shift analyses, see (1976BR17) and (1974AJ01).

A resonance is observed at E_p = 23 MeV, corresponding to the known 3/2⁺ state at E_x = 16.7 MeV (1968AL1B, 1968DA04). An anomaly in the polarization is also observed at this energy (1966WE03, 1968DA04, 1972BA24). A further broad feature in the polarization excitation function (θ = 102°) is observed at E_p = 30 MeV (E_x = 22 MeV) (1972BA24). Cross sections for 23 < E_p < 45 MeV show no further evidence of excited states (1969BU10). An extensive phase-shift analysis, using complex phases with l ≤ 4 over the range E_p = 20 to 40 MeV has been made by (1972PL02), using mainly the polarization and differential cross-section data of (1972BA24). The D_3/2 level is fit with R-matrix formalism, including background interference, with the following parameters: E_x = 16.68 MeV, γ²_p = 122 keV, γ²_d(l = 0) = 1.58 MeV (negative sign), γ²_d(l = 2) = 1.58 MeV, θ²_p = 0.014, θ²_d = 0.765.

The E_p = 30 MeV structure is not reflected in anomalous behavior of any single phase shift. Strong absorption of even partial waves may indicate broad overlapping positive-parity levels, J^π = 1/2⁺, 3/2⁺, 5/2⁺, 7/2⁺, of d + ³He character near E_x = 22 MeV, but there is no unambiguous identification of excited states other than the 3/2⁺ state in the p-α results (1972PL02). In an analysis of the data of (1971PL07) for E_p = 25 to 29 MeV, (1971RA27) report evidence for a 5/2⁺ level at E_x = 20 MeV [Γ_el/Γ_total = 0.15, Γ_tot = 8 MeV] and a 1/2⁺ level at E_x = 18 ± 1 MeV.

A recent analysis by (1975PL01) of the phase shifts below 50 MeV suggests a small D-state admixture to the dominant S-state configuration of ⁴He_g.s..

Total reaction cross sections have been measured at E_p = 18 to 48 MeV (1974SO06, 1976SO01) and at 0.87 and 2.1 GeV (1975JA1A). At an equivalent E_p of 1.05 GeV, the elastic distribution is characterized by a shallow first minimum (1977GE01) and is said to be in excellent agreement with the predictions of multiple-diffraction theory (1977WA06). Alpha-proton bremsstrahlung is observed at E_p = 7.0 to 12.0 MeV, at E_α = 20 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at E_p = 22, 40 and 45 MeV (1975AN18). Coherent single pion production has been studied at E_p = 18.6 GeV/c (1977BR1C). See also (1973BE1A, 1978GL1B), (1975IG1A, 1975RO1B, 1975TO1A, 1976GR1D, 1977BR1E, 1977RI1B, 1978BR1E, 1978IG1B), (1973GU1A, 1973HA1F, 1974BA34, 1974BA38, 1974CH02, 1974CH1E, 1974CI02, 1974DO10, 1974HA43, 1974JA1F, 1974LY02, 1974SA1G, 1974UL1A, 1974WA02, 1975AH07, 1975BA05, 1975BA1G, 1975BA76, 1975BL04, 1975CA05, 1975CO1A, 1975DU1A, 1975GR1C, 1975GU17, 1975KA1D, 1975NA07, 1975RU01, 1975RU07, 1975TA1A, 1975WA16, 1976AH1A, 1976AL1E, 1976AR12, 1976AU04, 1976CH1B, 1976DO1C, 1976DU06, 1976LE22, 1976LE1E, 1976NA04, 1976RU04, 1976SP1A, 1977AL06, 1977AR01, 1977CH1C, 1977DY01, 1977JA12, 1977KA1E, 1977KA1F, 1977KA1H, 1977LA1C, 1977LE1E, 1977PH01, 1977TH07, 1977TH09, 1977WA1C, 1977WA1E, 1977YO04, 1978CL1C, 1978HE2B, 1978LA02, 1978LE23, 1978MA37, 1978ME05, 1978YE1A, 1978YO1B; theor.).

8. (a) 4He(p, d)3He	Qm = -18.3532	Eb = -1.97
(b) 4He(p, pn)3He	Qm = -20.5778
(c) 4He(p, 2p)3H	Qm = -19.8140
(d) 4He(p, pd)2H	Qm = -23.8467

Angular distributions of ³He ions (reaction (a)) have been measured for E_p = 27.9 to 155.4 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at E_p = 85 MeV (1974VO05), 275 to 500 MeV (1978CA05: back angles), 770 MeV (1976CO1C, 1977BA19) and at E_α = 3.98 GeV/c (1977BE34). The 85 MeV data are in agreement with DWBA at forward angles but the back angle behavior probably results from the need to include two-nucleon pickup in the analysis (1974VO05). The differential cross section is strongly backward peaked at E_p = 275 and 500 MeV and the differential cross section is similar in slope and magnitude to that for ³He(p, p), suggesting that deuteron exchange may be the major component of the reaction mechanism (1978CA05). The excitation function shows no indication of resonance for E_p = 38.5 to 44.6 MeV (1969BU10). Polarization measurements have been reported for E_p = 32 to 63 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at 45.04 and 52.34 MeV (1977SA1E) and 350, 400 and 500 MeV (1978CA05). At E_α = 6.85 GeV/c, the integrated cross section for ³He production (reactions (a) + (b)) is 24.1 ± 1.9 mb, suggesting an important component of ³He in ⁴He (1977BI05).

Reaction (b) and (c) have also been reported at E_p = 46.8 to 156 MeV [see (1974AJ01)]. The (p, 2p) reaction (reaction (c)) has also been studied at 350 and 500 MeV (1978EP1C, 1978KO1F) and 600 MeV (1969PE15), while both that reaction and reaction (d) have been studied at E_p = 156 MeV (1975FR14). See also (1973KR1A, 1978GL1B), (1977TE1A, 1978IG1B), (1976CO1B; astrophysics) and (1974BA34, 1974CH02, 1974CH29, 1974DO10, 1974HA36, 1974KA1D, 1974RO19, 1974YO01, 1975HA03, 1975KA1D, 1977CL1A, 1977KA1D, 1977KA1G, 1977RE1A, 1978BI1C, 1978RO06; theor.).

9. (a) 4He(d, n)5Li	Qm = -4.19
(b) 4He(d, np)4He	Qm = -2.2246

Reaction (b) has been studied at E_d = 14.2 MeV and at E_α = 18.0 to 42 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at E_α = 18 MeV (1978SA07) and 21.9 and 23.7 MeV (1974RA10). The data show that at 42 MeV, direct breakup, with quasi-free α-p scattering taking place and the n acting as a spectator, is at least as important a mechanism as the FSI in the ⁵Li_g.s. (1968WA01). See also (1974HE21, 1976KO21, 1976LI1E, 1977BR25; theor.) and ⁶Li.

10. 4He(t, 2np)4He

Qm = -8.3820

See (1974LA1A, 1975AL1A; E_α = 70 MeV; abstracts).

11. 4He(3He, np)5Li

Qm = -9.68

See (1973HA50).

12. 6Li(γ, n)5Li

Qm = -5.66

See ⁶Li.

13. (a) 6Li(p, d)5Li	Qm = -3.44
(b) 6Li(p, pd)4He	Qm = -1.4735
(c) 6Li(p, pn)5Li	Qm = -5.66

Angular distributions have been measured at E_p = 18.6 to 156 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and at E_p = 185 MeV (1974KA28, 1976FA03). In the latter experiment the spectra are characterized by a broad, asymmetric peak corresponding to ⁵Li_g.s., a narrow peak [⁵Li*(16.7)] and a broad peak at E_x ≈ 20 MeV. DWBA analysis leads to C²S = 0.64 and 0.57 for ⁵Li*(0, 16.7) (1976FA03). The first excited state of ⁵Li is reported to be populated by (1969BA05; E_p = 156 MeV). See also (1978IG1A: 0.65 and 0.8 GeV).

Reaction (b) has been studied at E_p = 9 and 10 MeV, at 45 MeV [see (1974AJ01)] and 40, 45 and 50 MeV (1974BE46): the p-α FSI corresponding to ⁵Li_g.s. is observed. See also (1975MI1A). For reaction (c) see (1977WA05). See also (1975ST1C, 1975VO04, 1978CH1G) and ⁶Li.

14. (a) 6Li(d, t)5Li	Qm = 0.59
(b) 6Li(d, pt)4He	Qm = 2.5592

Angular distributions of the t₀ group have been measured at E_d = 15 and 20 MeV: see (1974AJ01). For reaction (b) see (1977RO18: E_d = 0.47 MeV), (1974MI10, 1977MI13; E_d = 7.5 to 10.5 MeV) and (1975KO1A; theor.).

15. (a) 6Li(3He, α)5Li	Qm = 14.91
(b) 6Li(3He, pα)4He	Qm = 16.880

At E(³He) = 25.5 MeV, the spectra show ⁵Li*(0, 16.7) and two broad peaks at E_x ≈ 19.8 and 22.7 MeV with Γ_c.m. = 2 and 1 MeV, respectively (1972BA30). In a kinematically complete experiment at E(³He) = 36 MeV the population of ⁵Li*(16.7, 20.2, 22.6) is reported (1976RAZW). The decay of the ground state has also been studied at E(³He) = 1.25 MeV (1974LI10) and at 1.47 to 1.75 MeV (1978GU15).

Cylindrical asymmetry observed in the breakup of ⁵Li(0) is attributed to the short lifetime of the ⁵Li intermediate state and to the memory retained by the proton of its localization at the time of formation of ⁵Li (1967RE03, 1968RE10). The first excited state of ⁵Li also appears to be involved (1972TH08, 1972TH1B): its parameters are given as E_x = 3.2 ± 0.2 MeV, Γ = 1.5 ± 0.5 MeV (1975GA14). See also (1975GL08, 1976STYX, 1977AR09) and ⁸Be.

16. (a) 7Li(p, t)5Li	Qm = -4.43
(b) 7Li(p, pα)3H	Qm = -2.467

At E_p = 43.7 MeV, a triton group is observed to ⁵Li(0) (Γ = 1.55 ± 0.15 MeV): the angular distribution is consistent with a substantial mixing of L = 0 and 2 transfer. There is some evidence also for a very broad excited state between E_x = 2 and 5 MeV. ⁵Li*(16.7, 20.0) were not observed. The formation of ⁵Li*(16.7) (⁴S_3/2) would be S-forbidden: the absence of ⁵Li*(20.0) would indicate that this state(s) is also of quartet character [see reaction 20 in ⁵He] (1966CE05). Weak, broad states at E_x = 22.0 ± 0.5 MeV and 25.0 ± 0.5 MeV and possibly 34 MeV are reported by (1968MC02) in a coincidence experiment in which three- and four-particle breakup was analyzed. The t₀ angular distribution has also been studied at E_p = 16.6 and 30.3 MeV: see (1974AJ01).

17. 10B(3He, pα)4He4He

Qm = 12.4192

At E(³He) = 2.45 and 6.00 MeV the reaction proceeds in part via the first two states of ⁵Li (1966WA16).

18. 12C(p, 2α)5Li

Qm = -9.24

Not observed: see (1972MA62).